Abstract

Vaccination is recommended as a cost-effective method for preventing health issues and ensuring the welfare of animals. However, the adoption rate continues to be poor in India, and only 61.4% of dairy farmers consider their livestock vaccination profitable. The poor adoption may be due to the potential negative effects of vaccination, such as transient stress, immune suppression, vaccine reaction, fever, decreased milk production, reproductive performance, and semen quality, respectively. Transient stress is a common occurrence in animals following vaccination. Sometimes, it can cause a brief rise in the number of white blood cells (WBC), especially neutrophils, and an increase in oxidative stress by producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). Vaccination in livestock also leads to a 5.5-16% transient decrease in milk production due to immune response-related stress. Vaccination also has potential effects on semen production and semen quality in bulls. Therefore, proper vaccination practices can help to mitigate these potential drawbacks and ensure that the positive impact of vaccination on animal production is maximized. So, several ameliorative strategies such as trace minerals, levamisole treatment, vitamin E, vitamin C, and selenium supplementation can mitigate this stress and ensure the overall health and welfare of the animals. Furthermore, the long-term benefits of vaccination such as protecting animal and public health, reducing animal suffering, and reducing the need for antibiotics ensuring the better health and production of animals. The future scope to minimize the vaccination-induced stress is the use of recombinant subunit vaccines; DNA and non-pathogenic virus vector vaccines are currently being explored for farm animals.

 

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